Negotiations and Decision-making Essay -- Negotiating

A multitude of data can be found online when searching for material on decision-making. Likewise, the same can be stated regarding the search for information pertaining to negotiations and decision-making. For example, a Google search of the key words â€Å"negotiations/decision-making† garnered over ten million results! Reviewing a tenth of that information would take a great deal of time and energy, so this paper will narrow the scope and focus on four negotiation/decision-making types: zero-sum game, win-win, satisficing solutions and fixed pie. In addition, a brief discussion on how each of the types has been applied will ensue. Prior to this class I had never heard of the zero-sum negotiation type. When researching the ideology, I came across a website created by Robert Korn (Korn, 2010) called Truth Pizza, and I found his take on the subject quite interesting. He explained the zero-sum games negotiations type as one party pursuing an action that satisfies their needs while a comparable party equally misses an opportunity. Korn offered several examples to explain the method in a way that was easy to understand and relatable. To convey a couple of scenarios Korn disclosed, he wrote about the zero-sum game as it relates to insurance companies. Each month people pay premiums to provide protection from what may come. People buy flood insurance to protect from rising water, auto insurance to protect from accidents and theft, life insurance to pay out in an untimely demise, and so forth. Society-at-large pays monthly, semi-annual or annual premiums in hopes that they will never need the services they are paying for. â€Å"For the most part, the money we get back from insurance is considerably less than what we pay in† (Korn, 20... ... negotiation feeling as though their issues were addressed and important to the compromise. This fosters better relations and improved camaraderie for those involved. Works Cited Business Dictionary. (2010). Satisficing. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from Business Dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/satisficing.html Korn, R. (2010, April 25). Zero-sum Games. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from TruthPizza.org: http://www.truthpizza.org/logic/zerosum.htm Menard, R. (2009, November 17). What Does Win-Win Negotiation Mean? Retrieved November 15, 2010, from Ezine Articles: http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Does-Win-Win- Negotiation-Mean?&id=3281520 Spangler, B. (2003, October). Positive-Sum, Zero-Sum, and Negative-Sum Situations. Retrieved November 17, 2010, from Beyond Intractability: http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/sum/

Meaning of Education Essay

Recently, a university professor wrote a letter to the editor of the local newspaper. He commented that people shouldn’t put too much weight on the recently released trends in SRA scores of the state’s high school students. The professor went on to describe some of the unanswered questions about the nature and value of assessment. He mentioned that one of the problems with assessment was the ongoing disagreement on the very purpose of education. A few days later, a scathing response was printed from a community member who questioned whether the University really wanted someone on their staff who didn’t even know the purpose of education. Clearly, this person assumed that his definition of education was shared by all. What is the meaning of education? Webster defines education as the process of educating or teaching (now that’s really useful, isn’t it? ) Educate is further defined as â€Å"to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of†¦ † Thus, from these definitions, we might assume that the purpose of education is to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of students. Unfortunately, this definition offers little unless we further define words such as develop, knowledge, and character. What is meant by knowledge? Is it a body of information that exists â€Å"out there†Ã¢â‚¬â€apart from the human thought processes that developed it? If we look at the standards and benchmarks that have been developed by many states—or at E. D. Hirsch’s list of information needed for Cultural Literacy (1), we might assume this to be the definition of knowledge. However, there is considerable research leading others to believe that knowledge arises in the mind of an individual when that person interacts with an idea or experience. This is hardly a new argument. In ancient Greece, Socrates argued that education was about drawing out what was already within the student. (As many of you know, the word education comes from the Latin e-ducere meaning â€Å"to lead out. â€Å") At the same time, the Sophists, a group of itinerant teachers, promised to give students the necessary knowledge and skills to gain positions with the city-state. There is a dangerous tendency to assume that when people use the same words, they perceive a situation in the same way. This is rarely the case. Once one gets beyond a dictionary definition—a meaning that is often of little practical value—the meaning we assign to a word is a belief, not an absolute fact. Here are a couple of examples. â€Å"The central task of education is to implant a will and facility for learning; it should produce not learned but learning people. The truly human society is a learning society, where grandparents, parents, and children are students together. † ~Eric Hoffer â€Å"No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The effort of every true education should be to unlock that treasure. † ~Emma Goldman â€Å"The only purpose of education is to teach a student how to live his life-by developing his mind and equipping him to deal with reality. The training he needs is theoretical, i. e. , conceptual. He has to be taught to think, to understand, to integrate, to prove. He has to be taught the essentials of the knowledge discovered in the past-and he has to be equipped to acquire further knowledge by his own effort. † ~Ayn Rand â€Å"The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to think—rather to improve our minds, so as to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory with the thoughts of other men. † ~Bill Beattie â€Å"The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions. † ~Bishop Creighton â€Å"The central job of schools is to maximize the capacity of each student. † ~Carol Ann Tomlinson These quotations demonstrate the diversity of beliefs about the purpose of education. How would you complete the statement, â€Å"The purpose of education is†¦ â€Å"? If you ask five of your fellow teachers to complete that sentence, it is likely that you’ll have five different statements. Some will place the focus on knowledge, some on the teacher, and others on the student. Yet people’s beliefs in the purpose of education lie at the heart of their teaching behaviors. Despite what the letter writer might have wished, there is no definition of education that is agreed upon by all, or even most, educators. The meanings they attach to the word are complex beliefs arising from their own values and experiences. To the extent that those beliefs differ, the experience of students in today’s classrooms can never be the same. Worse, many educators have never been asked to state their beliefs—or even to reflect on what they believe. At the very least, teachers owe it to their students to bring their definitions into consciousness and examine them for validity. Purposes and Functions. To make matters more complicated, theorists have made a distinction between the purpose of education and the functions of education. (2) A purpose is the fundamental goal of the process—an end to be achieved. Functions are other outcomes that may occur as a natural result of the process— byproducts or consequences of schooling. For example, some teachers believe that the transmission of knowledge is the primary purpose of education, while the transfer of knowledge from school to the real world is something that happens naturally as a consequence of possessing that knowledge—a function of education. Because a purpose is an expressed goal, more effort is put into attaining it. Functions are assumed to occur without directed effort. For this reason it’s valuable to figure out which outcomes you consider a fundamental purpose of education. Which of the following do you actually include in your planning? Acquisition of information about the past and present: includes traditional disciplines such as literature, history, science, mathematics Formation of healthy social and/or formal relationships among and between students, teachers, others Capacity/ability to evaluate information and to predict future outcomes (decision-making) Capacity/ability to seek out alternative solutions and evaluate them (problem solving) Development of mental and physical skills: motor, thinking, communication, social, aesthetic Knowledge of moral practices and ethical standards acceptable by society/culture Capacity/ability to recognize and evaluate different points of view Respect: giving and receiving recognition as human beings Indoctrination into the culture Capacity/ability to live a fulfilling life Capacity/ability to earn a living: career education Sense of well-being: mental and physical health. Capacity/ability to be a good citizen Capacity/ability to think creatively Cultural appreciation: art, music, humanities Understanding of human relations and motivations Acquisition/clarification of values related to the physical environment Acquisition/clarification of personal values Self-realization/self-reflection: awareness of one’s abilities and goals Self-esteem/self-efficacy As Tom Peters reminds us, â€Å"What gets measured, gets done. † Regardless of the high sounding rhetoric about the development of the total child, it is the content of assessments that largely drives education. How is the capacity/ability to think creatively assessed in today’s schools? To what extent is the typical student recognized and given respect? How often are students given the opportunity to recognize and evaluate different points of view when multiple choice tests require a single ‘correct’ answer? Teachers who hold a more humanistic view of the purpose of education often experience stress because the meaning they assign to education differs greatly from the meaning assigned by society or their institution. It is clear in listening to the language of education that its primary focus is on knowledge and teaching rather than on the learner. Students are expected to conform to schools rather than schools serving the needs of students. Stopping to identify and agree upon a fundamental purpose or purposes of education is rare. One sees nebulous statements in school mission statements, but they are often of the â€Å"Mom, baseball, and apple pie† variety that offer little substance on which to build a school culture. Creating meaningful and lasting change in education is unlikely without revisiting this basic definition. At the very least, educators must be challenged to identify and reexamine their beliefs in the light of present knowledge. It is time for the focus of education to shift from what’s â€Å"out there—the curriculum, assessments, classroom arrangement, books, computers—to the fundamental assumptions about and definitions of education held by educators and policymakers. NASA did not send men to the moon by building on the chassis of a model T. In the same way, education cannot hope to move beyond its present state on the chassis of 18th century education.

How Does Biological Sex Affect Society - 899 Words

In American society, we have assigned certain characteristics, clothing, and behaviors to two, generally accepted genders, male and female. In most families, you are expected to follow the normal behavior of the gender that also aligns with you biological sex. This idea that biological sex should determine your gender expression immediately ignores and excludes people who are born into intersex identities. Furthermore, this ideal disagrees with the idea that people have the choice to define themselves and their gender outside of societal norm. This idea also limits the everyday behaviors of the average person without much coercing. To keep others from deviating from gender norms, people have setup many ways of policing others actions so that they follow along and be a part of their prescribed gender. Speaking from my experience, I believe that there are three big influences that try to keep people in a cis-gendered box. Those constricting influences are familial relationships, societ al pressures, and the last are institutional incentives. Societal pressures and what is expected from people of each gender also make people conform to certain behaviors of personhood. Society is able to enforce this by instilling core values that we all feel like we must police each with. I will speak on the male perspective of this and for men there are six pillars that we have that address those core values we should follow ourselves and look for other to follow. The first value of manhood,Show MoreRelatedGender Identity1341 Words   |  6 PagesMelynda Marchi Gender Identity The development of our gender identity is influenced by both the biological nature of a person and society, but the biology is the foundation of our gender identity. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the interaction between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions affect the determination of gender identity, the roles of biological factors nature and environmental influences, nurture on sexual differentiation and gender identity and whichRead MoreThe traditional biological understandings of sex and gender create a binary concept mainly in the800 Words   |  4 PagesThe traditional biological understandings of sex and gender create a binary concept mainly in the Western culture by having two strictly fixed options of male or female. This binary notion of gender and sex was put to the test by both Anne Fausto-Sterling and Oyeronke Oyewumi. Sterling argues that rather than just two separate ends, biological gender occurs across a continuum of possibilit ies. This spectrum of anatomical deviation by itself should be enough to disregard the simplistic notion ofRead MoreRelationship Between Sex And Gender Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesaway from biological determinism and conservative antifeminist politics. The meaning of gender will continue to develop and will continue becoming more fluid with time. Introduction The sex and gender distinction is an idea that has been rethought as recently as the 1970’s, with input from academics such as Ann Oakley and John Money. In this essay I will be discussing how biological determinism assisted in the development of the term gender, and the distinction there is between sex and genderRead MoreBiological Sex, Gender, And Gender Roles901 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the moment that the parent learns the biological sex of the baby, even as early as the ultrasound, they begin the first step of making many steps towards the long journey of the child’s socialization.   Even as they consider what the child should be named, they decide whether it is a boy or a girl name and then they proceed with decisions such as what color the room should be painted in association with the biological sex of the child. Will the child be dressed in frilly pink dresses or in blueRead MoreGender Is The Definition Of Gender1345 Words   |  6 Pagesgender is, in toda y’s society, it is actually much more difficult to classify. In the past, it was extremely simple; men hunted while women took care of children. 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Today, same sex relationships have been normalized and live life as ordinary people, yet treated as second-class citizens. This treatment by society has significantly limited the basic human rights of these individuals, includingRead MoreAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us?1435 Words   |  6 PagesAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us? In American culture in the 1950s, men were the predominant head of the household and women were expected to cook, care for their kids, and clean. This is an excellent example of gender roles, and how they control certain aspects of life. Gender roles are, according to multiple sources, the way people behave, what they do or say to express being a female or male. (â€Å"Gender Identity†; Blackstone; Understanding Gender) They are forced upon an individual from theRead MoreAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us?1482 Words   |  6 PagesAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us? Remember the 50s in America, how men were the predominant head of the household and women were expected to cook, watch their kids, and clean? This is an excellent example of gender roles, and how they control some aspects of life. Gender roles according to multiple sources are, the way people behave, what they do and say, to express being a female or male. (â€Å"Gender Identity†, Blackstone, Gender Spectrum). They are forced upon an individual from the day that

Multi-Modal Essay - 1030 Words

Over the past ten to fifteen years, there has been a major change in the way people communicate to each other due to the development of the internet. Because of this, there has been a massive effect on the amount of socialising between friends and family; using technology in online social messaging websites such as Bebo, MSN, Facebook and many more. Through these social messaging websites, more and more people can interact with their friends and family all over the world. An expert professor David Crystal has supported the idea of web-based messages and disagrees with the view that slang and contractions leads to a lower English standard of language. Although this is a benefit to most people, it has been abused by some people by overusing†¦show more content†¦The same participant also states â€Å"dunno tbh but somethings up with my stomach/ribs :/ idk I didnt know ya liked her.......†. She uses initialism to shorten the time to type this message. She also uses contra ctions as well to shorten the time taken to type this message. Emoticons are used at the end of the message. They are a good use as they can express what you are feeling through symbols. 1 1 The conversation in data two is between two grown up men. It begins with â€Å"Using iPad now as Samsung S3 on charge been thrashing it today†. There is no type of contractions or initialism used in this message. This is because the men are grown up and live in a demographic that doesn’t use any colloquialism† is the Samsung worth getting?† â€Å"I think so†. The analysis of the message shows that there are no contractions used to shorten the message and everything is used as Standard English as how somebody would speak which is an example of Received Pronunciation. Many people use a wide range of expressions or tailor diction in a subjective manner in order to demonstrate their feeling ‘related’ to spoken language. For instance, the use of logograms in a sign to represent what they are saying and thus sentences create meaning. In spoken language, one would express one’s emotions; however in the written form one uses logograms to communicate what one is saying in a succinct way. The similarities between speech and writing areShow MoreRelatedMulti-Modal Language Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagesreceiver to read the text. It also plays a big role in helping shy people. Many people find it easier talking to someone online rather than face to face. If your social skills are not brilliant this may help to build your confidence in the future. Multi-modal language also allows your conversation to be quieter and more private; however this can exclude others when used in the wrong situation. No one else can see what you’re saying except for the person receiving the text. Though messages can be sentRead MoreKey Aspects Of Effective Communication1476 Words   |  6 PagesQueensland University of Technology. 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The third and last change I noticed in myself as a writer is that I am better organized. The structure of Writing 39C helped me to become more systematic with my approach to writing essays. For example, I was able to develop as a more organized writer through writing multiple drafts. For my first draft for the Advocacy Project, I was not able to finish writing several paragraphs, but I knew what I wanted to talk about so I replacedRead MoreTexting Controlled Assessment1001 Words   |  5 PagesHundreds of grammatically incorrect text messages are sent every day. In this essay I will research and explore the creative techniques we use every day, when communicating via short messaging services, and how they are eradicating the English Language as we know it. I will also be analysing these techniques to discover when and why we use them. Today, we can assume around 4.1 million texts will be sent meaning few people can honestly admit that during their lives they have never sent a text. 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Its where all political, cultural, economic and social activities start to operate at a international level. The physical distance that posted a problem at the start of globalizationRead MoreMy Assumptions Of Literacy And Language Through Skill Sets1606 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent international schools which made the definition of language very clear to me. Language was how people of the same culture communicated verbally and in text. Both literacy and language are embed and intertwined in our daily lives. In this essay, I am going to analyse my assumptions of literacy and language through skill sets such as the four resource model, understanding dialects, discourse and multiliteracies and how these practices will help me to maximise my students literacy developmentRead More Learning Styles and the Accounting Profession Essay example1079 Words   |  5 Pagesover the years to he lp us recognize the way we approach learning and methods we use to gain knowledge. It is an individuals distinctive approach to learning based on strengths, weaknesses, and preference with a mixture of various styles. In this essay, we will take a look at different learning styles and how they can be implemented and integrated in the accounting profession. To determine the best way I learn, I carried out two different learning styles questionnaires online. One

Economic And Social Development Efforts Has Benefited...

1.1 Background of the study There is growing evidence that economic and social development efforts have not benefited women as much as they have benefited men. This has led to the rise of income-generating activities (IGAs) for women in both developed and developing countries. This due to the basic needs approach (BNA) within the dominant concept of women in development (WID) that emerged in the early 1970s. The BNA targeted low-income women for IGAs. It is pertinent to note here that the publication of Ester Boserup’s book Women’s Role in Economic Development in 1970 triggered off the WID movement. Women in aid agencies argued that development programs ignored and excluded women (OECD, 2001). Under WID, the general assumption was that the neglect of women could be remedied by integrating them into the economy by way of development programs and projects. By so doing, it was and still is expected that women’s situation would improve. The BNA emphasized the reduction of income inequities between men and women (GOK, 2005). It is for this reason that women in Kenya have for quite a long time now been encouraged to undertake businesses. Entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as an important driver of economic growth, productivity, innovation and employment and it is widely accepted as a key aspect of economic dynamism. Transforming ideas into economic opportunities is the main concept of entrepreneurship. History shows that economic progress has been significantly advancedShow MoreRelatedHow Feminism Changed The Lives Of Women, Men And Families Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesPrewriting Techniques I. Brainstorm 1. How each wave of feminism changed the lives of women, men and families 2. More women were able to get an education, so more minds contributed to discovers and breakthroughs, more people in the workforce, less strain on men to be sole provider 3. Stay at home dads, reversed gender roles II. Questioning 1. 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The aim of this paper is to examine the various feminist critiques and thus to decide which perspectives are effective in analyzing the gender inequality in Hong Kong. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part will discuss the different theoretical

Australian Financial Reporting Standards

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Financial Reporting Standards. Answer: Introduction The overall report analysis is based on identifying the characteristics adopted by Australian based organization to from international financial reporting standards, and how it is improving the companys disclosure on that particular period of time (Accaglobal.com 2016). Here, we are about to discuss the financial disclosure of Caltex Australia limited and Quantas. According to the discussion on the financial statement stated by the companies comparison will be discussed in the further report (Ifrs.org 2016). Caltex Australia limited is a fuel and lubricant supplying entity, whereas on the other hand, Quantas is a flag carrier airline of Australia. Both the companies are listed over Australian stock exchange as per the guidelines of international financial and reporting standards. In the analysis, usage of same regulation and practices for different companies related to different industries will be shown. Caltex Australia Ltd Quantas Caltex Australia limited is an Australia based company and also listed over Australian securities exchange. On the other hand, Quantas is a flag carrier airline of Australia. As per the financial statement reports of both the companies shown that they are following reporting standards policies by keeping appropriate transparency with the shareholders and investors in the market. According the IFRS section 3, both the companies are presented fair valuation and stated the compliance activities by disclosing the different statements like income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement (Gebhardt Wagenhofer 2014, pp.107-116). According to the IFRS Section 2, the company should competent enough to manage the understandability, reliability, relevance and monitoring the balance between total cost and benefits incurred by the organization. The proper analysis of total assets and liabilities holds by the organization is also considered as the reporting standards to properly monitor an d control them effectively. Quantas is also mentioned their assets allocation and total liabilities holds by the organization within a particular financial period of time and also fluctuation in profitability scenario is also shown in form of presented graphs (Qantas.com 2016). On the other hand, Caltex Australia has been also represented the financial report for every financial as per the regulated structure of IFRS and mentioned their allocated assets and liabilities and profitability index for every financial year (Caltex.com 2016). The auditing authorities of both the companies are properly managed the financial review process and other financial disclosures. As per the financial statement of Caltex Australia, it is also shown that profitability will be considering on the basis of historical pricing method. The replacement cost of sales operating profit has been excluded several cost and indirect expenses before or after calculation of tax is also based of frameworks of international financial reporting standards (Caltex.com 2016). According to the under section 3a, Caltex Australia is also following fixed remuneration policies which is consisting base salary of their employees, superannuation benefits and non monetary benefits of the organization. Caltex Australia is also imposed that will pay short term incentive to their employees if company will be able to achieve 80% of total net profit after tax (Iasplus.com 2016). The market performance measurement will be done on the basis of assessing the probability o f total equity and their related performance under section 4b. As per section 295A (Company Act), board of director of the company has been declared compliance with accounting standards under section 296 and fair valuation under section 297 accordingly. There are also a statement related to compliance issue with IFRS is mentioned in the Note A stated by the organization on every financial year end. According to the Note A of the company Caltex Australia limited has been adopted a mandatory accounting procedures to maintain the relevancy of their current reporting activities effectively and also declared that all new standards and policies will be amended at the beginning of the financial year (Caltex.com 2016). According to the Notes of auditing authorities of Quantas airways limited is accompanied the consolidated financial statement in every financial year end with the specific summary and accounting policies. As per the analysis of financial statement of both the companies Caltex and Quantas is shown that accounting standards are implemented for the welfare and growth of the organization. The expenses to remuneration entire financial activities are affected according to the disclosures of international financial and reporting standards. The declaration statement of directors of Quantas is also shown that they are in process to follow true and fair valuation under Australian accounting standards and corporation Act 2001. The entire financial statements are presented on the basis of Australian Accounting Standards (AASB 101) (Ewelt-Knauer 2014, pp.827-864). The valuation activities for Quantas have been completed for every financial year in the month of June and also all the related disclosure will be disclosed under Corporation Regulations 2001 in Note 29(A) (Qantas.com 2016). The remuneration report represented by the Quantas every financial year is prepared on the basis of under section 300A and auditing procedures are based of valid auditing standards. According to the analysis of financial reports of Caltex and Quantas, it is found that though both the companies are belongs to different industries and operational activities, accordingly their accounting activities also differs while following similar types of accounting framework. Conclusion According to the overall analysis of financial statement of both the companies Caltex Australia limited and Quantas is following various types of regulatory measures and guidelines to represent their financial statement. As per the analysis of disclosures and guidelines, it is also found that both the companies are different financial period to declare their financial statement and also due to difference in the industries, procedures of handling the same remuneration activities are different under similar accounting and reporting standards. By following these regulatory frameworks, these companies are monitoring and controlling the accounting and remuneration activities accordingly. Also fair valuation measures providing appropriate amount of benefits to shareholders, stakeholders and market investors of the concern companies. The consistency, relevancy and transparency concept is also followed the organization within a specified financial period while preparation of their remunerati on and director declaration report. In the above mentioned entire analysis is showing that importance of international financial reporting standard and several improvements which are achieved the organization while following those procedures. Reference Accaglobal.com, A., 2016.Global body for professional accountants | Accountancy | ACCA | ACCA Global. [online] Accaglobal.com. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Caltex.com, 2016.Caltex Australia. [online] Caltex. Available at: https://www.caltex.com.au [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Ewelt-Knauer, C., 2014. Determining reporting entity boundaries in the light of neoinstitutional theories beyond the conceptual framework of IFRS.Journal of Business Economics, 84(6), pp.827-864. Gebhardt, G., Mora, A. Wagenhofer, A., 2014. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts of IFRS.Abacus, 50(1), pp.107-116. Iasplus.com, 2016.Australia. [online] Iasplus.com. Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/jurisdictions/oceania/australia [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Ifrs.org, 2016.IFRS - Home. [online] Ifrs.org. Available at: https://www.ifrs.org [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Qantas.com, 2016.Qantas | Book airfares on Australia Pacific's Best Airline. [online] Qantas.com. Available at: https://www.qantas.com [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Stadler, C. Nobes, C., 2014. The Influence of Country, Industry, and Topic Factors on IFRS Policy Choice.Abacus, 50(4), pp.386-421.

Is Legalization A Realistic Alternative To The War On Drugs Essays

Is Legalization A Realistic Alternative To The War On Drugs? For years, the issue of legalization has been an increasingly controversial subject. Millions of dollars are spent annually in the War on Drugs causing many to wonder if this fight is cost-effective or if an alternative such as legalization would be more realistic than current efforts in drug prevention. Opponents state that with legalization would come an increase not only in availability, but also with everything associated with that availability. This includes suffering of users and their loved ones, death of users and innocent alike, increases in health-care costs, cost to employers, drug-related crimes, and increases in various other social, economic, and emotional costs. On the other hand, advocates argue it is pointless to continue to ignore the presence of drugs in society. They feel society must acknowledge the now-illegal narcotics as it has with alcohol and tobacco. Legalization would result in purity assurance, labeled concentration of the product, obliteration of pushers , obliteration of drug crime, savings in expensive enforcement, and significant tax revenues. Both sides of the controversy are confident with the credibility and effectiveness of their respective arguments, making it necessary for society to ask itself whether legalization of narcotics is a realistic alternative to current prohibition and the war on drugs or if legalization would result in more negative consequences than positive. The United States government's current position on narcotics is prohibition. The cornerstone of drug prohibition in America came with the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914. The Harrison Act restricted the use of opiates, such as morphine, heroin, and cocaine, to medicinal purposes. Strong evidence suggests that the law was instituted in order to prevent casual or non-medical users, frequently called dope fiends from obtaining the drugs outside of medical practice. The American experience with drugs at the end of the 19th century demonstrated the serious problems that can be caused by the general use of a wide range of legally available drugs. These problems were judged unacceptable by Americans of that day. Prohibition was the result of nonpartisan public outcry over the negative effects of unrestricted drug use. (Trebach 41-44) The most important question in regards to legalization is how it would affect use and abuse in this country. Advocates of legalization such as Steven Duke and Albert Gross argue that those who do not use under prohibition will not use under legalization. Duke is a law professor at Yale University, and Gross is a lawyer from San Diego, California. They are greatly respected advocates for legalization, their greatest fame stemming from their co-authored book, America's Longest War. The key argument made by advocates Duke and Gross is that the major reasons why people desist from smoking and drinking - health, social stigma, morality, aesthetics - are also applicable to the drugs currently labeled 'illegal' (120). Whether Americans choose to avoid recreational drugs in the first place or to quit using or abusing them is linked to the quality of their lives and their perceived prospects for a rewarding life without drug use or abuse. As Duke states, illegal-drug use has been reduced dram atically in the past few years among white middle and upper classes-but hardly or not at all among ethnic minorities, who largely inhabit out inner cities. Many of those users see nothing but a bleak future before them (121). Having little to lose by drug abuse, they feel no regrets about summarily losing it. In sum, the drug market is already saturated with a combination of legal and illegal drugs. Proponents of legalization feel that virtually everyone who now wants to get high already does so, and while legalization may significantly alter market shares among the now legal and illegal drugs, it is unlikely to create a dramatic increase in demand for narcotics. As Michael S. Gazzaniga, professor of neuroscience at Dartmouth Medical School, puts it, There is a base rate of drug abuse, and it is [presently] achieved one way or another (121). Gazzaniga and those who share his views place their argument heavily upon the point that legalization would not cause current non-users to begi n to use. (Duke 118-125) A secondary point made by legalization proponents on this issue is that while the cheaper prices